RF Isolator Uses Differential Amplifiers

An RF isolator is a seemingly magic device that allows signals to pass in only one direction. Signals applied to the input port are sent to the test port and signals coming into the test port can only go to the output port. This one-way property is usually accomplished with special non-linear ferrite/magnet structures operating at very high frequencies. Fig. 1 shows an active RF isolator capable of handling signals approaching 16 dBm and frequencies from well below 1 MHz to above 200 MHz. The circuit really emulates an isolator in that the actual signal energy is not passed from port to port and the signal levels must be fairly low. The circuit is well suited for testing the SWR of a variety of devices connected to the test port.

Schematic Diagram

For a typical setup the test generator is connected to the input port, the antenna or device to be tested is connected to the test port, and a signal level monitor is connected to the output port. When the test port is terminated with 50 ohms, no energy is reflected and no signal will appear at the output port. If the load at the test port is not 50 ohms then some of the test signal will reflect and appear at the output port. For example, if the test port is completely open, the test signal reflects completely and the output will equal the input. If the test port is shorted, the test signal will reflect inverted and the output will be an inverted version of the input. Other loads will reflect a portion of the test signal.

To measure the return loss of a device or antenna, first open or short the test port and observe the signal level at the output port. Then connect the device to be tested and observe the drop in signal level at the test port. The amount of drop is the return loss. This test may be done in the presence of other signals if a tuned meter or spectrum analyzer is used to monitor the test signal. Adjust the test signal frequency until it is sufficiently far from the other signals to easily measure and verify that the other signals present are not too large for the circuit to handle (below 16 dBm).

The transistors will run hot so use a low-capacitance heat sink. Increase the 10 ohm resistors in the emitter circuits to reduce the transistor heating but the large signal handling ability will be reduced. The isolator is a 50 ohm device due to the resistors near 50 ohms. (The 56 ohms are a bit higher since they are shunted by some circuit resistance.) Other impedance like 75 ohms may be achieved by changing these resistors to, say, 75 and 82 ohms. Ordinary small-signal transistors like the 2N3904 operating at much lower current make a useful device for testing antennas and low power devices at lower frequencies - perhaps to 50 MHz. Try 2, 82 ohms instead of the 2, 10 ohms in the emitters. Remember that the signal handling capability will be quite low so use signals at or below 0 dBm (1 mW).

Some points for the experimenter to ponder:

This circuit has a very wide bandwidth (in terms of octaves) and it will accommodate complex waveforms so it can be used to test more than just antennas!
The ports are isolated so the input can be quite poorly matched - even a coil of wire picking up a signal from a grid-dip meter will work.
The ports may have different characteristic impedance simply by changing the obvious resistors. (56 and 51 ohms, presently). For example, a 100 ohm generator could test a 75 ohm antenna and present the reflections to a 50 ohm spectrum analyzer.
An RF amplifier and diode detector could be added to the output to make a simple dip meter. Simply tune the input frequency until the meter dips, indicating little reflection from the device under test.

Original document from http://www.wenzel.com/documents/circtran.htm

RF Isolator Uses Differential Amplifiers